A Woman Says No[1]

Following the ‘successful’ poison gas attack at Ypres [Second Battle of Flanders, 22 April to 25 May 1915], Fritz Haber [German chemist, 1868–1934] began preparing experiments on the Eastern Front. His wife Clara [née Immerwahr, 1870–1915], herself a chemist with a PhD[2], asked him to abandon the project. She argued that poison gas was a perversion of science and its use an act of barbarism.

As with her previous pleas to end all animal experiments involving gas, Fritz Haber rejected this too, arguing that as a patriot it was his duty to do everything in his power to help Germany.

In peacetime, the scientist serves humanity; in wartime, the fatherland

is how Fritz Haber is quoted. And in this or a similar vein, numerous researchers sought to justify themselves. But there were others too.

We chemists [have] a duty in future [...] to draw attention to the dangers of modern technology.

writes Hermann Staudinger [German chemist, 1881–1965] in a memorandum from exile to Haber. Haber subsequently accuses him of having stabbed Germany in the back at a time of greatest need.

As Fritz Haber prepares to set off for the Eastern Front to conduct further poison gas experiments, Clara Immerwahr-Haber[3] shoots herself in the garden of their Berlin home with his service pistol.

Fritz Haber’s entire ‘patriotic’[4] commitment is soon rendered worthless. Despite isolated protests, he is forced by the Nazis in 1934 to give up his chair at the University of Berlin. Haber is Jewish. He leaves Germany and dies shortly afterwards in Basel.


Notes

[1]  This headline appears to make an indirect reference to gender roles; see also the next poster.

[2] This made her one of the first women in Germany to be permitted to obtain a doctorate.

[3] Did she use a double-barrelled surname at that time?

[4] The poster’s authors apparently considered it problematic not to place “patriotic” in quotation marks in this context.

 

 

Previous Poster Next Poster