Decades after the end of mining in the Freiberg mining district, it is still leaving its mark on the environment. Leachate contaminated with pollutants still flows into the Freiberg Mulde and other bodies of water from tailings or rinsing piles. In the MindMontan project, a team from the Institute of Biosciences at TU Bergakademie Freiberg, together with G.E.O.S Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH and Förderverein Montanregion Erzgebirge e.V., has developed a solution that could be used worldwide in the future.

A pilot plant for a new type of water treatment process has been in operation at the Hammerberg slag heap on the eastern outskirts of Freiberg since July 2024. It purifies the contaminated leachate in several stages using a combination of (micro)biological and chemical processes. It only requires electricity for the pumps, which is provided on site with the help of a small photovoltaic system with battery storage. The treatment itself is passive and requires hardly any maintenance.

"The leachate we are working with here is still heavily contaminated with aluminium, cadmium, zinc, manganese and other metals more than 50 years after the closure of the slag heap," explains project manager Prof. Sabrina Hedrich, Professor of Microbiology and Biohydrometallurgy at TU Bergakademie Freiberg. "They are also contaminated by low pH values and high sulphate concentrations. Even if there is no danger to humans, we urgently need to find solutions to minimise the impact on nature."

Clean water in three stages

The plant itself looks unspectacular: The water flows from storage tanks through the cascade-like treatment plant, where it is purified step by step. In the first treatment stage, the pH value of the acidic water is raised from around 4.9 to neutral pH values between 6.5 and 7.0 with the help of a limestone filter. The aluminium dissolved in the water also precipitates as aluminium hydroxide and can be collected.

The second treatment stage is a so-called bioreactor, which contains a mixture of limestone, wood chips, straw and compost - the so-called biomix. It provides the best living conditions for bacteria that produce hydrogen sulphide from the sulphate in the leachate. This in turn ensures that the metals contained are precipitated as metal sulphides and retained in the biomix. The third and final stage is a plant basin, which acts as a natural sewage treatment plant, filtering residual pollutants and suspended solids from the water.

Promising results and potential applications worldwide

The MindMontan project comes to an end at the end of this year. The results that the research team has achieved over the last few months are very promising. "We were able to show that our process is able to efficiently remove pollutants from water," says Prof Sabrina Hedrich. "It is also cost-effective and can later be naturally integrated into remediation landscapes as a large-scale plant. This makes it interesting not only for our region, but also for mining landscapes worldwide."

According to the EU Water Framework Directive, all European water bodies should have achieved good ecological and chemical status by 2027. The process developed in the MindMontan project can contribute to this. "In Saxony alone, over 1,300 kilometres of streams and rivers fail to achieve good status due to mining-related and sometimes very high metal pollution, which is transported downstream from its source. The catchment areas of the Freiberg and Zwickau Mulde rivers are particularly affected," explains Christine Stevens, Water Protection Officer at the Saxon State Office for the Environment, Agriculture and Geology. "Cost-effective and long-term sustainable solutions, such as the nature-based, passive water treatment technologies developed in the MindMontan project, are urgently needed. This can minimise the environmental impact of local historical and potential new mining operations."

Vielversprechende Ergebnisse und weltweite Einsatzmöglichkeiten

Das Projekt MindMontan läuft Ende dieses Jahres aus. Die Ergebnisse, die das Forschungsteam im Laufe der letzten Monate erzielte, sind vielversprechend. „Wir konnten zeigen, dass unser Verfahren in der Lage ist, Schadstoffe effizient aus dem Wasser zu entfernen“, sagt Prof. Sabrina Hedrich. „Zudem ist es kostengünstig und lässt sich später auch als Großanlage natürlich in Sanierungslandschaften integrieren. Das macht es nicht nur für unsere Region, sondern auch für Bergbaulandschaften weltweit interessant.“

Laut EU-Wasserrahmenrichtlinie sollen bis 2027 alle europäischen Gewässer einen guten ökologischen und chemischen Zustand erreicht haben. Das im MindMontan-Projekt entwickelte Verfahren kann dazu beitragen. „Allein in Sachsen verfehlen über 1300 Kilometer an Bächen und Flüssen den guten Zustand aufgrund der bergbaubedingten und teilweise sehr hohen Metallbelastungen, die vom Entstehungsort flussabwärts weitertransportiert werden. Besonders betroffen sind die Einzugsgebiete der Freiberger und Zwickauer Mulde“, erklärt Christine Stevens, Referentin für Gewässerschutz vom Sächsischen Landesamt für Umwelt, Landwirtschaft und Geologie. „Kostengünstige und langfristig nachhaltige Lösungen, wie die im Projekt MindMontan entwickelten naturbasierten, passiven Wasserbehandlungstechnologien sind dringend erforderlich. So können die Umweltauswirkungen des hiesigen historischen und potenziellen neuen Bergbaus minimiert werden.“

The MindMontan project

Term: 01.05.2023 to 31.12.2025

Funded by the Federal Ministry of Research, Technology and Space in the programme "WIR! - Change through innovation in the region"

Partners

TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institute of Biosciences, Working Group Microbiology and Biohydrometallurgy

G.E.O.S. Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH

Förderverein Montanregion Erzgebirge e. V.

Supporters of the project

Saxonia Standortentwicklungs- und -verwaltungsgesellschaft mbH, Saxon State Office for Environment, Landscape and Geology, District of Central Saxony, State Directorate of Saxony and Meyer Burger GmbH

Website
Project video

Research
Prof. Dr. Sabrina Hedrich
Lessingstr. 45, room 1212B
sabrina.hedrich [at] bio.tu-freiberg.de +49 3731 39-2330